![]() I think the ideal length for home tanners working a variety of skins on narrower beams is about 20” long in total with 11” working edge and 4.5” handles. The strong, experienced men using these tools, combined with the large area of contact formed between the gently curved edge of the tool and the wide beam, would make for very efficient and quick work. These long knives were often used on very wide beams with shallow curves. 16 inches is a typical working edge length. Samples I have range from 3 to 3-3/8 inch wide. Length: The typical professional tanners knife of the European style is quite long and not really best suited to the home tanner. You can always upgrade later if you want to. The amateur tanner can get by with tools that are much less than ideal, so there is no need to overthink the problem too much, or find the perfect tool just to get started. ![]() Keep in mind that most new models are designed by and for fur trappers, most of whom do not do a lot of general tanning work. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2001) Introduction to treatment of tannery effluents.The focus here will be on the home tanner working on beams about 8 to 12 inches wide. Thormstensen TC (1993) Practical leather technology. The Environmental Conservation Rule (ECR 1997) Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge Stirling D (2000) The sulfur problem: cleaning up industrial feedstocks, 1st edn. Society of Leather Technologist and Chemists (SLTC) (1996) Official methods of analysis. Renard JJ, Calidonna SE, Henley MV (2004) Fate of ammonia in the atmosphere-a review for applicability to hazardous releases. Padhan S, Kumar R (2013) SOx control during combustion of coal by adding limestone. Olson KR (2012) Mitochondrial adaptations to utilize hydrogen sulfide for energy and signaling. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2005) Occupational safety and health administration fact sheet. Lamers LPM, Govers LL, Janssen ICJM, Geurts JJM, Van der Welle MEW, Van Katwijk MM, Van der Heide T, Roelofs JGM, Smolders AJP (2013) Sulfide as a soil phytotoxin-a review. Kump LR, Pavlov A, Arthur MA (2005) Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia. Hashem MA, Nur-A-Tomal MS, Bushra SA (2016) Oxidation-coagulation-filtration processes for the reduction of sulfide from the hair burning liming wastewater in tannery. In: Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development, KUET, Khulna, Bangladesh Hashem MA, Islam A, Paul S, Nasrin S (2014) Emission of gaseous ammonia during deliming operation in tannery and its environmental effect: Bangladesh. Gutterres M, Bordignon S, Baur L (2011) Contamination of used soak/unhairing baths by nitrogen in comparison with carbon and soluble protein contents. Nature 513:177–178įood and Agriculture Organization FAO (2013) World statistical compendium for raw hides and skins, leather and leather footwear 1993–2012 J Clean Prod 87:39–49įiore AM (2014) No equatorial divide for a cleansing radical. Int J Cosmet Sci 35:244–249ĭixit S, Yadav A, Dwivedi PD, Das M (2015) Toxic hazards of leather industry and technologies to combat threat: a review. The Royal Society of Chemistry, CambridgeĬruz CF, Fernandes MM, Gomes AC, Coderch L, Marti M, Mendez S, Gales L, Azoia NG, Shimanovich U, Cavaco-Paulo A (2013) Keratins and lipids in ethnic hair. American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, WashingtonĬovington AD (2011) Tanning chemistry: the science of leather. Tanner should use the alternative unhairing methods, e.g., enzymatic, sweating for the cleaner production.ĪPHA (2012) Standard Methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22 edn. Liming wastewater mixing with lower pH wastewater releases hydrogen sulfide gas which has negative effects on the human health and atmosphere. The sulfide has an adverse impact on the environment including water bodies, atmosphere, land, and plant. It was estimated that, in Bangladesh, yearly 208–623 metric ton soluble sulfide is discharged only from the cowhide processing during hair burning liming process. The soluble sulfide content in liming wastewater was determined by titrimetric method following the official methods of analysis of Society of Leather Technologist and Chemists. ![]() In this study, soluble sulfide in the wastewater was estimated during hair burning liming process in the tannery. Liming process releases wastewater containing soluble sulfide in the effluent. In tannery, liming is the first and indispensable chemical operation where raw hides/skins are treated with sodium sulfide and calcium hydroxide.
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